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Writing Lesson: Adjectives and Adverbs

Writing · Lesson 44

Adjectives and Adverbs

Which word describes which · 8-question timed quiz · Bilingual (English / Español)

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The problem · Select the part of the sentence that is incorrect

Mars is the home of the largest volcano ever discovered, Olympus Mons, which stands around 27 kilometers high and has a crater approximate 81 kilometers wide.
English

The incorrect part is approximate. It should be approximately.

Approximate is an adjective, and an adjective has to describe a noun. Here the word is not describing the crater — it is telling you how wide the crater is. Describing a measurement like that is an adverb's job, and the adverb is approximately.

Español

La parte incorrecta es approximate. Debería ser approximately.

Approximate es un adjetivo, y un adjetivo tiene que describir un sustantivo. Aquí la palabra no describe el cráter — dice qué tan ancho es. Describir una medida así es trabajo de un adverbio, y el adverbio es approximately.

Ask what the word is describing. If it describes a person, place, or thing, use the adjective. If it describes an action, or tells how much, how far, or how wide, use the adverb — usually the one ending in –ly.

Pregúntate qué está describiendo la palabra. Si describe una persona, un lugar o una cosa, usa el adjetivo. Si describe una acción, o dice cuánto, qué tan lejos o qué tan ancho, usa el adverbio — normalmente el que termina en –ly.

The corrected sentence

Mars is the home of the largest volcano ever discovered, Olympus Mons, which stands around 27 kilometers high and has a crater approximately 81 kilometers wide.

Adjective or adverb?

DescribesExample
Adjective A noun — a person, place, or thing an approximate figure · a wide crater · the largest volcano
Adverb A verb, an adjective, or another adverb approximately 81 kilometers · sang beautifully · very wide
English

The quick test: try to attach the word to a noun. “An approximate figure” works, so approximate is doing adjective work there. But in our sentence there is no noun after it — only a measurement, 81 kilometers wide. Nothing for an adjective to attach to, so the adverb is needed.

Most adverbs are the adjective plus –ly: approximate → approximately, careful → carefully, quick → quickly, beautiful → beautifully. A few are irregular: good → well.

Español

La prueba rápida: intenta pegar la palabra a un sustantivo. “An approximate figure” funciona, así que ahí approximate hace trabajo de adjetivo. Pero en nuestra oración no hay sustantivo después — solo una medida, 81 kilómetros de ancho. No hay a qué pegar un adjetivo, así que hace falta el adverbio.

Casi todos los adverbios son el adjetivo más –ly: approximate → approximately, careful → carefully, quick → quickly, beautiful → beautifully. Unos pocos son irregulares: good → well.

Checking all four underlined parts

PartWhat it is doingVerdict
is Present tense — Mars is still the home of this volcano today Correct
discovered Past participle: “the largest volcano that has ever been discovered” Correct
which Refers back to a thing — Olympus Mons Correct
approximate Adjective, but the job here is to describe how wide Incorrect → approximately
English

Notice that is is correct here even though it is present tense. Mars still has that volcano, so the present is right. A verb tense is only wrong when it clashes with the rest of the sentence — never because of the tense by itself.

which is worth comparing to where. Olympus Mons is a thing, so which is right. If the clause described a place you would want where; a person, who.

Español

Fíjate en que is es correcto aquí aunque sea presente. Marte sigue teniendo ese volcán, así que el presente es el correcto. Un tiempo verbal solo está mal cuando choca con el resto de la oración — nunca por el tiempo en sí.

Vale la pena comparar which con where. Olympus Mons es una cosa, así que which es correcto. Si la cláusula describiera un lugar querrías where; una persona, who.

How to work the sentence

   Step 1  For each underlined word, ask: what is it describing?

           is            the verb of the main sentence
           discovered    describes "volcano"
           which         points back to "Olympus Mons"
           approximate   describes ... 81 kilometers wide

   Step 2  Is that thing a noun, or something else?

           81 kilometers wide  =  a measurement, not a noun

   Step 3  Noun → adjective.  Anything else → adverb.

           approximate  →  approximately

   Step 4  Reread with the fix:
           "a crater approximately 81 kilometers wide"   ✓

Pairs worth memorizing

AdjectiveAdverbSaid correctly
approximateapproximatelyapproximately 81 kilometers wide
carefulcarefullyshe writes carefully
quickquicklyhe answered quickly
beautifulbeautifullythe choir sang beautifully
realreallya really long walk
goodwellthe team played well
English

Good and well are the pair that trips up the most speakers, because “played good” is so common in speech. Good describes a noun — a good game. Well describes an action — played well.

Everyday speech drops the –ly constantly: “drive slow,” “come quick.” Those are fine when talking and wrong on this test, which is exactly why the item is written the way it is.

Español

Good y well son el par que más confunde, porque “played good” es muy común al hablar. Good describe un sustantivo — a good game. Well describe una acción — played well.

El habla cotidiana se come el –ly todo el tiempo: “drive slow”, “come quick”. Eso está bien al conversar y mal en este examen, y por eso la pregunta está escrita así.

Helping a student with this

Point at the target“Which word is this one describing?” Have them physically point to it.
Noun or notIf the target is a person, place, or thing, adjective. Otherwise adverb.
Try the –lySay it both ways out loud. One of them will sound finished.
English

Spanish makes this distinction too — aproximado versus aproximadamente — so a Spanish-speaking student already owns the idea. Naming the parallel out loud turns an unfamiliar English rule into one they have been using their whole life.

The –mente ending in Spanish does the same work as –ly in English. Once a student sees that carefully is just cuidadosamente with a different ending, the whole category clicks at once rather than one word at a time.

Español

El español también hace esta distinción — aproximado frente a aproximadamente — así que un estudiante hispanohablante ya domina la idea. Nombrar el paralelo en voz alta convierte una regla ajena del inglés en algo que ha usado toda la vida.

La terminación –mente del español hace el mismo trabajo que –ly en inglés. Cuando el estudiante ve que carefully es simplemente cuidadosamente con otra terminación, toda la categoría encaja de golpe en vez de palabra por palabra.

8 questions · 10 minutes

8 preguntas · 10 minutos
The clock starts when you press the button. / El reloj empieza al presionar el botón.

Describing-word strategy · Estrategia de palabras descriptivas

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1. Find what the word is describing · Halla qué está describiendo la palabra

English

Put your finger on the describing word, then move it to whatever that word is about. In our sentence, approximate points forward to “81 kilometers wide” — a measurement, not a thing.

Everything follows from that one move. You cannot decide between an adjective and an adverb until you know what is being described.

Español

Pon el dedo en la palabra descriptiva y luego muévelo hacia aquello de lo que habla. En nuestra oración, approximate apunta hacia “81 kilometers wide” — una medida, no una cosa.

Todo lo demás sale de ese movimiento. No puedes decidir entre adjetivo y adverbio hasta saber qué se está describiendo.

2. Use the –mente parallel · Usa el paralelo con –mente

English

Spanish –mente and English –ly do the same job. Aproximadamente is approximately; cuidadosamente is carefully. If the Spanish sentence would take –mente, the English one takes –ly.

This is one of the places where knowing Spanish is a direct advantage on an English test. Translate the phrase in your head and let the Spanish ending tell you the answer.

Español

El –mente del español y el –ly del inglés hacen el mismo trabajo. Aproximadamente es approximately; cuidadosamente es carefully. Si la oración en español llevaría –mente, la inglesa lleva –ly.

Este es uno de los puntos donde saber español es una ventaja directa en un examen de inglés. Traduce la frase mentalmente y deja que la terminación en español te dé la respuesta.

3. Do not trust how it sounds in conversation · No confíes en cómo suena al conversar

English

“Drive slow,” “played good,” “come quick” — everyday English drops the –ly constantly, and it sounds completely normal. On a written test it is an error every time.

When a sentence sounds fine but one word is describing an action, check whether that word has its –ly. Your ear is tuned to speech, not to the test.

Español

“Drive slow”, “played good”, “come quick” — el inglés cotidiano se come el –ly constantemente, y suena normal. En un examen escrito es un error siempre.

Cuando una oración suena bien pero una palabra describe una acción, revisa si esa palabra lleva su –ly. Tu oído está afinado al habla, no al examen.

4. Remember the irregular pair · Recuerda el par irregular

English

Good is the adjective and well is its adverb — there is no “goodly.” A good game, but played well. A good singer, but sings well.

One exception to keep straight: “I feel well” and “I feel good” are both correct, because feel can link back to the subject. That exception does not apply to action verbs like played or sang.

Español

Good es el adjetivo y well su adverbio — no existe “goodly”. A good game, pero played well. A good singer, pero sings well.

Una excepción que conviene tener clara: “I feel well” y “I feel good” son ambas correctas, porque feel puede referirse al sujeto. Esa excepción no aplica a verbos de acción como played o sang.

5. How to explain this to a student · Cómo explicárselo a un estudiante

English

Start in Spanish. Ask how they would say it: un cráter de aproximadamente 81 kilómetros de ancho. The –mente is right there in their own answer, and English only needs the matching –ly.

Then have them read both English versions aloud and choose. “A crater approximate 81 kilometers wide” stalls in the mouth; “approximately” finishes. Students trust their own ear more than a rule you hand them, so let the ear do the work and name the rule afterward.

Español

Empieza en español. Pregúntale cómo lo diría: un cráter de aproximadamente 81 kilómetros de ancho. El –mente ya está en su propia respuesta, y el inglés solo necesita el –ly correspondiente.

Luego que lea en voz alta las dos versiones en inglés y elija. “A crater approximate 81 kilometers wide” se traba en la boca; “approximately” cierra. Los estudiantes confían más en su propio oído que en una regla que les den, así que deja que el oído trabaje y nombra la regla después.

6. Pace yourself on a timed test · Administra el tiempo

English

Scan the underlined parts for a describing word first. If one of them could take an –ly and does not, check it before anything else — adjective-for-adverb is one of the most common errors on this section.

Eight questions in ten minutes is 75 seconds each. Verbs and describing words together account for most errors, so check those two categories before reading anything a third time.

Español

Revisa primero si entre las partes subrayadas hay una palabra descriptiva. Si alguna podría llevar –ly y no lo lleva, revísala antes que nada — usar adjetivo por adverbio es uno de los errores más comunes de esta sección.

Ocho preguntas en diez minutos son 75 segundos cada una. Los verbos y las palabras descriptivas juntos explican casi todos los errores, así que revisa esas dos categorías antes de leer una tercera vez.

Palabras clave · Key words

EnglishEspañolQué es
adjectiveadjetivoDescribe un sustantivo
adverbadverbioDescribe un verbo, adjetivo u otro adverbio
nounsustantivoPersona, lugar o cosa
modify / describemodificar / describirDecir algo sobre otra palabra
–ly endingterminación –lyEquivale a –mente
approximatelyaproximadamenteLa corrección de esta pregunta
measurementmedida81 kilómetros de ancho
relative pronounpronombre relativowhich, who, where
past participleparticipio pasadodiscovered, written, taken
good / wellbueno / bienAdjetivo / adverbio
Try this next / Practica esto: say each of these out loud both ways and pick the right one — she sings beautiful / beautifully · he drives careful / carefully · the test was real / really hard · they played good / well. The answers are beautifully, carefully, really, well.

Di cada una en voz alta de las dos maneras y elige la correcta — she sings beautiful / beautifully · he drives careful / carefully · the test was real / really hard · they played good / well. Las respuestas son beautifully, carefully, really, well.
Writing lesson 44 · problem adapted from a standardized-test practice item.
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